世界二战不是走出大萧条的原因
弗里德曼总是提醒我们,世界上只有两种经济学家——好的经济学家和坏的经济学家。那谁是好的谁是坏的呢?就看他们说不说有免费午餐。
世界二战不是走出大萧条的原因
薛兆丰
2009年2月17日
有些人人认为打仗可以刺激经济。他们有时举例说,美国之所以走出大萧条,是因为打了二次世界大战。美国打塔利班和伊拉克打了八年。这些仗是否值得打,又应该怎么打,这里不讨论,但是否促进了美国的内需,或是否促进了美国的内供,从而改善了美国经济,则有明确答案:打仗对经济有净损害。这是说,在战争中花1元,其产出的价值少于1元。用经济学的术语来说,是“乘数”小于1。这本来很容易理解。打仗真能使国家富强,那也就不用真的杀人了,把弹头去掉,全民常年搞国际军事演习吧。
哈佛大学宏观经济学家巴罗(Robert Barro)教授日前发布短文“乘数的巫术(Voodoo Multipliers)”(见这里)介绍他对二战投入的乘数的实证研究。其研究表明乘数为0.8,而考虑其他因素,他认为若在和平年代搞刺激经济的计划,其乘数将会更低。巴罗写道:
凯恩斯主义者通常认为二战的财政扩张刺激了经济,最终使得美国经济走出了大萧条。我在《宏观经济学:一种现代方法》中作了估算,二战增加了美国国防开支5,400亿美元,而经济增长了4,300亿美元,乘数为0.8。换言之,战争降低了国民收入,而主要的损失出自私人投资、政府非军事采购和净出口,而个人消费支出变化则很小。
In any event, the usual Keynesian view is that the WWII fiscal expansion provided the stimulus that finally got the U.S. economy out of the Great Depression. … I have estimated (in my book Macroeconomics, A Modern Approach) that World War II raised U.S. real defense expenditures by $540 billion (1996 dollars) per year at the peak in 1943–44, amounting to 44% of trend real GDP. I also estimated that the war raised real GDP above trend by $430 billion per year in 1943–44. Thus, the multiplier was 0.8 (430/540). The other way to put this is that the war lowered components of GDP aside from military purchases. The main declines were in private investment, non-military parts of government purchases, and net exports—personal consumer expenditure changed little.
最近一项调查也指出了大量的支持相同观点的研究证据(见这里):
关于体育馆、运动场、运动特许经营和超大型体育活动所带来的经济影响,有着大量的而且是与日俱增的“经同行评议”的经济学文献。这些文献都没有发现足够的证据,能说明这些活动为社会带来更多就业机会、或提高了它们的收入或税入的。
The large and growing peer-reviewed economics literature on the economic impacts of stadiums, arenas, sports franchises, and sport mega-events has consistently found no substantial evidence of increased jobs, incomes, or tax revenues for a community associated with any of these things.
乔治·梅森大学的威廉斯(Walter E. Williams)教授则在2001年写道(见这里):
弗里德曼总是提醒我们,世界上只有两种经济学家——好的经济学家和坏的经济学家。那谁是好的谁是坏的呢?就看他们会不会说世界上会有免费午餐。我们都知道世界上没有免费午餐,但“免费午餐经济学家”却会告诉你“二战把我们带出了大萧条”、“建筑体育馆能刺激就业”、“垄断者想定多高的价格就能定多高的价格”、“政府支出有益于经济”、“贸易盈余是好的而贸易赤字是坏的”。因为我(在梅森经济系里)的同事都是好的经济学家,所以你不会从他们的嘴里听到这些胡说八道。
My friend and colleague Nobel Laureate Milton Friedman always reminds us there are only two kinds of economists – good economists and bad economists. We’re good economists. … You say, “Nobody’s going to admit that they’re a bad economist so how can we tell the difference?” See if the economist suggests the possibility of a free lunch. We all know that there’s no free lunch but free-lunch economists will tell you things such as: WWII got us out of the Depression; building sports arenas will stimulate employment; monopolies can charge any price they wish; government spending is good for the economy; and trade surpluses are good and trade deficits are bad. Since my colleagues are good economists, you’ll hear no such nonsense from them.
相关阅读:
- 析“体育经济”
- 什么令人丧失信心
- 扩张财政旧神话,东亚政客新说辞
- Robert J. Barro, “Voodoo Multipliers,” at http://www.bepress.com/ev/vol6/iss2/art5/
- Dennis Coates1 and Brad R. Humphreys2, “Do Economists Reach a Conclusion on Subsidies for Sports Franchises, Stadiums, and Mega-Events?” Econ Journal Watch, Volume 5, Number 3, September 2008, pp 294-315, at http://www.aier.org/ejw/archive/do-economists-reach-a-conclusion/doc_download/3626-ejw-200809
- Walter E. Williams, “A Dynamite Economics Department,” at http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/wew/articles/01/dynamitedept.html
- 张五常,2008年12月,“何日君再来?”(“三十年代美国的大萧条到四十年代终于脱身,不是因为政府大花钱鼓励内需,而是因为第二次世界大战。”)
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